Appendix I: List of Indicators by Indicator Groups
Following is a list of all of the indicators included in SPESSA in the Indicator Selection screen
Contextual/Country Information
Population Indicators
Total Population
Average Annual Growth of Population (%)
Inhabitants per square km
Human Development Index GNP Indicators
GNP per Capita (in US$)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
GNP per Capita in PPP (International Dollars)
Culture and Communication
Daily Newspapers (number of copies per thousand inhabitants)
Radios (per thousand inhabitants)
Telephone Main Lines (per thousand inhabitants)
Adult literacy rates: estimates and projections
Literates as % of Adult Population
Literates as % of Adult Population, Male
Literates as % of Adult Population, Female
School-age population, growth and projections
School-Age Population (millions)
Average annual growth rate of school-age populations (%)
Primary School-age Population
Secondary School-Age Populations
School-age population as a % of Total population
Structure of the Education System
Compulsory education (duration in years)
Official School Starting age
Duration of primary education (in years)
Duration of secondary education, 1st cycle (in years)
Duration of secondary education, 2nd cycle (in years)
Area (thousands of sq. kilometers)
Life Expectancy at Birth (yrs)
Age structure of Population (%), 0-14 Years
Age structure of Population (%), 15-64 Years
Total Fertility Rate Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births)
Avg. Annual rate of Inflation (%)
Languages
Ethnic Groups
Major Imports
Major Exports
Natural Resources
Agricultural Products
Major Industries
Enrollment And Teaching Staff
Primary Enrollment
Total Primary Enrollment (thousands)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
Female Primary Enrollment (thousands)
Females as a % of Total Primary Enrollment
Secondary Enrollment
Total Secondary Enrollment (thousands)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
Female Secondary Enrollment (thousands)
Female as a % of Total Secondary Enrollment
Secondary Enrollment of Type of Education
% of Secondary Students in General Education
% of Secondary Students in Teacher Training
% of Secondary Students in Voc. /Tech.
Total Secondary Students in General Education (thousands)
Total Secondary Students in Teacher Training (thousands)
Total Secondary Students in Voc. /Tech. (thousands)
Female Secondary Enrollment by Type of education
Females as a % of Secondary General Ed. Enrollment
Females as a % of Secondary teacher Training Students
Females as a % of Secondary Voc/Tech Students
Total Female Secondary Students in General Education (thousands)
Total Female Secondary Students in Teacher Training (thousands)
Total Female Secondary Students in Voc/Tech (thousands)
Tertiary Enrollment
Total Tertiary Enrollment (thousands)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
Total Female Tertiary Enrollment (thousands)
Females as a % of Total Tertiary Enrollment
Distribution of tertiary enrollment by field of study
Tertiary Students in the Arts
Tertiary Students in the Sciences
% of Tertiary Students in Other Fields
Total Education Enrollment and Gross Enrollment Ratio
Total Enrollments (thousands)
Female Education Enrollment (thousands)
Females as a % of Total Education Enrollment
Gross Enrollment Ration for 6-23 age group(%)
Gross Primary Enrollment Ratios
Enrollment in primary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Female
Gross Secondary Enrollment Ratios
Enrollment in Secondary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Female
Gross Tertiary Enrollment Ratios
Enrollment in Tertiary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Female
Number of Teachers
Number of Teachers in primary education (thousands)
Number of Teachers in secondary education (thousands)
Number of Teachers in tertiary education (thousands)
% of female teachers in Primary Schools
% of female teachers in Secondary Schools
Total Female teachers in Primary Schools (thousands)
Total Female Teachers in Secondary Schools (thousands)
Students/Teacher Ratios
Student/Teacher Ratio in primary education
Student/Teacher Ratio in Secondary general education
Student/Teacher Ratio in tertiary Education
Internal Efficiency
Primary Repeaters as a % of Total Enrollment
Pupil Flows in Primary Education
Transition from last grade of Prim. To first grade of Sec. (%), both sexes
Transition from last grade of Prim. To first grade of Sec. (%), Fem.
Transition from last grade of Prim. To first grade of Sec. (%), Male
Sec. Repeaters as a % of Total Enrollment
Private Primary Education
% of Private Primary Students of Total Primary Students
% of Private Primary Teachers of Total Primary Teachers
% of Private Primary Schools of Total Primary Schools
Private Secondary General Education
% of Private Secondary Students of Total Primary Students
% of Private Secondary Teachers of Total Primary Teachers
% of Private Secondary Schools of Total Primary Schools
Total Number of Private Secondary Schools
Educational Expenditure
Public Expenditure in Education
Public Expenditure on Ed. in Constant 1990 US$ (millions)
Public Exoenditure on Education in PPP$ (millions)
Avg. Annual Gr. Rate of Pub. Expenditure on Ed. (in 1990 US$)
Public Expenditures on Education as a % of Total Government Expend.
Public Expenditures on Education as a % of GNP
Public Recurrent Expenditure on Education by Level of Education
% of Public Recurrent Expenditures to Prim. Ed.
% of Public Recurrent Expenditures to Sec. Ed.
% of Public Recurrent Expenditures to Tertiary Ed.
% of Public Recurrent Expenditures to Unspecified
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Primary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Primary Student (constant 1990 US$)
Expenditures in US$ per Prim. Student on Admin. Incl. Staff
Expenditures in US$ per Prim. Student on Teacher's Emoluments
Expenditure in US$ per Prim. Student on Teaching Materials
Expenditures in US$ per Primary Student on Scholarship and Welfare
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Secondary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Sec. Student (constant 1990 US$)
Expenditures in US$ per Sec. Student on Admin. Incl. Staff
Expenditures in US$ per Sec. Student on Teacher's Emoluments
Expenditure in US$ per Sec. Student on Teaching Materials
Expenditures in US$ per Sec Student on Scholarship and Welfare
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Tertiary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Ter. Student (constant 1990 US$)
Expenditures in US$ per Ter. Student on Admin. Incl. Staff
Expenditures in US$ per Ter. Student on Teacher's Emoluments
Expenditure in US$ per Ter. Student on Teaching Materials
Expenditures in US$ per Ter. Student on Scholarship and Welfare
Public Recurrent Expenditure on Primary Education by purpose
% of Public Recurrent Expend. on prim. Admin incl. Staff
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Prim. Teacher's Emoluments
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Prim. Teaching Materials
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Prim. Scholarships
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Prim. Welfare
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Prim. Other Expend
Public Recurrent Expenditure on Secondary Education by purpose.
% of Public Recurrent Expend. on Sec. Admin incl. Staff
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Sec. Teacher's Emoluments
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Sec. Teaching Materials
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Sec. Scholarships
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Sec. Welfare
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Sec. Other Expend
Public Recurrent Expenditure on tertiary Education by purpose
% of Public Recurrent Expend. on Ter. Admin incl. Staff
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Ter. Teacher's Emoluments
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Ter. Teaching Materials
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Ter. Scholarships
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Ter. Welfare
% of Public Recurrent Expend on Ter. Other Expend
Average Emoluments of Primary and Secondary Teachers
Avg. Prim. Teacher Emoluments (constant 1990 US$)
Avg. Prim. Teacher Emoluments (multiple of income/capita)
Avg. Sec. Teacher Emoluments (constant 1990 US$)
Avg. Sec. Teacher Emoluments (multiple of income/capita)
Appendix II:
Countries and Country Groups
Countries of sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Rep.
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo (Democratic Republic of)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé & Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-saharan African countries classified by linguistic and economic status
Francophone AnglophoneOther
(21)(18)(8)
Low-income semiarid (5)
Burkina Faso, Gambia, Somalia, Chad, Mali, Niger, Mauritania
Low-income other (9)
BeninGhanaEthiopia
BurundiKenyaEquatorial Guinea
Central African Rep.LesothoGuinea-Bissau
ComorosLiberiaMozambique
Congo (Democratic Republic of) MalawiSão Tomé & Principe
GuineaNigeria
MadagascarSierra Leone
RwandaSudan
TogoTanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Middle-income oil importers (4)
Côte d'IvoireBotswanaCape Verde
DjiboutiMauritius
SenegalNamibia
SeychellesSouth Africa
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Middle-income oil exporters (3)
CameroonAngola
Congo, The
Gabon
To determine these sub-groupings, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa are first classified into two major economic groups - low-income and middle-income. Those countries with 1990 per capita incomes of less than $500 are classified as low-income economies; those with income greater than $500 are middle-income economies. Both the data and the classification are taken from the UNDP's Human Development Report of 1998. The economies are further classified to distinguish low-income semiarid from other low-income economies and middle-income oil exporters from middle-income oil importers. The resulting country groupings are organized by linguistic status.
Other Country Groups (World)
World Economies: World Bank groupings
The main criterion used to classify economies is GNP per capita. The per capita income groups are low-income, $785 or less in 1996; middle-income, $786 to $9,635; and high-income, $9,636 or more.
High Income Groups
The high-income group includes the following countries: Andorra, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belgium, Bermuda, Brunei, Canada, Cayman Is., Channel Is., Cyprus, Denmark, Faeroe Is., Finland, France, French Guyana, French Polynesia, Germany, Greece, Guam, Hong Kong (China), Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea Rep., Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Is., Norway, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Virgin Is. (U.S.).
Middle Income Groups
The middle-income group includes the following countries: Lower middle income: Albania, Algeria, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dem. Rep. Korea, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Rep., Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fed. Rep. of Yugoslavia, Estonia, Fiji, Georgia, Grenada, Guatemala, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Maldives, Marchall Is., Micronesia, Morocco, Namibia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Samoa, Solomon Is. St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Rep., Thailand, The FYR of Macedonia, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Tukmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, West Bank and Gaza. Upper middle income: American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Czech Rep., Gabon, Guadeloupe, Hungary, Isle of Man, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Oman, Palau, Poland, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Africa, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay.
Low Income Groups
The low-income group includes the following countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Kenya, Krygyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
World Groups: UNESCO Groupings
Arab States
This group comprises Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine: Gaza Strip and West Bank, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. (Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia and Sudan are included under both 'Sub-Saharan Africa' and 'Arab States'). Eastern Asia/Oceania
Asia and Oceania
This group comprises Australia, Israel, Japan and New Zealand.
Developed Countries
This group comprises all countries in the categories of Northern America, Asia and Oceania, and Europe and Former USSR.
Developing Countries
This group comprises all countries in the categories of sub-Saharan Africa, Arab States, Latin America/Caribbean, Eastern Asia/Oceania, and Southern Asia, plus Cyprus, Turkey, Malta and the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).
Europe and Former USSR
This group comprises Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.
The countries of the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) are comprised in the category 'Developing countries'.
Latin America/ Caribbean
This group comprises Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Northern America
This group comprises Canada and the United States of America.
Southern Asia
This group comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
Appendix III:
Years Available for World Country Group Indicators
World Economies (World Bank Grouping)
Contextual / Country Information
Population Indicators
Total Population (in millions): 1980, 90, 92, 95, 96
Average Annual Growth of Population (%): 1970-80, 1980-90, 1980-92, 1990-96.
Inhabitants per square km: 1996
GNP Indicators
GNP per Capita (in US$): 1980, 90, 92, 196
Average Annual Growth Rate (%): 1980-90, 1980-92, 1990-96.
Life Expectancy at Birth (yrs): 1980, 92, 196
Age structure of Population (%), 0-14 Years: 1990
Age structure of Population (%), 15-64 Years: 1990
Total Fertility Rate: 1970, 80, 192, 96
Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births): 1970, 80, 92, 96
Avg. Annual rate of Inflation (%) 1970-80, 1980-92
Enrollment And Teaching Staff
Gross Primary Enrollment Ratios: 1970, 80, 85, 90, 91, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Enrollment in primary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Female
Gross Secondary Enrollment Ratios: 1980, 85, 90, 95
Enrollment in Secondary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Female: 1985, 90 (only)
Gross Tertiary Enrollment Ratios: 1985
Enrollment in Tertiary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Female
Students/Teacher Ratios
Student/Teacher Ratio in primary education: 1985, 90
World Groups: (UNESCO Grouping)
Contextual/Country Information Population Indicators
Total Population (in millions): 1980, 90 , 92, 95, 96
Average Annual Growth of Population (%): 1980-90, 1980-92, 1990-96
Inhabitants per square km: 1996
GNP Indicators
GNP per Capita (in US$): 1980, 90, 92, 96
Adult literacy rates: estimates and projections: 1980, 85, 90, 95
Literates as % of Adult Population
Literates as % of Adult Population, Male
Literates as % of Adult Population, Female
School-age population as a % of Total population
Enrollment And Teaching Staff
Primary Enrollment
Total Primary Enrollment (thousands): 1970, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Average Annual Growth Rate (%): 1970-80, 1980-85, 1985-90, 1990-93, 1990-96, 1993-most recent yrs
Females as a % of Total Primary Enrollment: 1996
Secondary Enrollment
Total Secondary Enrollment (thousands): 1970, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Average Annual Growth Rate (%): 1970-80, 1980-85, 1985-90, 1990-96
Female Secondary Enrollment (thousands): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Female as a % of Total Secondary Enrollment: 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Tertiary Enrollment
Total Tertiary Enrollment (thousands): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Gross Primary Enrollment Ratios: 1970, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Enrollment in primary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in primary as % of age group, Female
Gross Secondary Enrollment Ratios: 1980, 85, 90, 95
Enrollment in Secondary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Secondary as % of age group, Female: 1985, 90
Gross Tertiary Enrollment Ratios: 1985
Enrollment in Tertiary education as % of age group, both sexes
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Male
Enrollment in Tertiary as % of age group, Female
Number of Teachers
Number of Teachers in primary education (thousands): 1980, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Number of Teachers in secondary education (thousands): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Number of Teachers in tertiary education (thousands): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
% of female teachers in Primary Schools: 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
% of female teachers in Secondary Schools: 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Students/Teacher Ratios
Student/Teacher Ratio in primary education: 1985, 90
Student/Teacher Ratio in Secondary general education: 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Educational Expenditure
Public Expenditure in Education
Public Expenditure on Ed. in Constant 1990 US$ (millions): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Public Expenditures on Education as a % of GNP: 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Primary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Primary Student (constant 1990 US$): 1980, 85, 90, 95
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Secondary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Sec. Student (constant 1990 US$): 1980, 85, 90, 95, 96
Public Recurrent Expenditure Per Tertiary Student
Expenditures in US$ per Ter. Student (constant 1990 US$): 1970, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Appendix IV:
Data Sources and Bibliography
Education, culture and communication; UNESCO division of Statistics.
Illiteracy; Estimates and projections by the UNESCO division of Statistics, based on the actual country data supplied by the United Nations Statistical Division or drawn from national publications. 1998 Revision.
Main Telephone lines; International Telecommunication Union. 1998. African Telecommunication indicators. Geneva. 1998.
Human Development Index; UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 1998. Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998.
Population; United Nations Population Division/.1997. World Population Prospects: The 1996 revision. New York.
GNP and GNP per capita: World Bank. 1998. World Development indicators 1998. Washington.
Other sources
Association for the Development of Education in Africa. SPESSA 1999. A Statistical Profile of Education in sub-Saharan Africa 1993-1996. Paris, 1999.
Association for the Development of African Education. A Statistical Profile of Education in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-1993. Paris, 1998.
Association for the Development of African Education. A Statistical Profile of Education in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Paris, 1995.
International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985.
IREDU (Institut de recherche sur l'économie de l'éducation) data files and research results.
Penn World Tables (Mark 5.5). An update to "The Penn World Tables (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988" by Robert Summers and Alan Heston. Quarterly Journal of Economics. May 1991. Update available by anonymous ftp at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (from directory pub/pwt55 on nber.harvard.edu).
PC Globe. Tempe, Arizona: PC Globe, Inc., 1991.
Republic of South Africa. Education in the RSA 1990. Department of National Education. Document No. NATED 02-215 (93/01), 1993.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Human Development Report 1991. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
-. 1993. Human Development Report 1993. New York: Oxford University Press.
- and The World Bank. African Development Indicators. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
University of the Orange Free State. Education in RSA. 1991.
Unesco (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Statistical Yearbook. Paris: UNESCO, various years.
-. World Education Report 1993. London: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Verwey, C.T. et. al. Key Indicators with Policy Scenarios for the Analysis and Planning of Primary and Secondary Education in South Africa: Quantitative Input Indicator Model (ED-QII Model). CPA Staff Working Paper. Centre for Policy Analysis (CPA), Development Bank of Southern Africa. 1992.
World Bank. Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies for Adjustment, Revitalization, and Expansion. A World Bank Policy Study. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1988.
World Bank. Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Updated Statistical Tables. AFTED Technical Note No. 1, Africa Region Technical Department. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990.
World Bank. World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Credits
Financial support for the development of SPESSA was provided out of ADEA Core Funds, to which the following organisations are contributing members: African Development Bank (ADB); Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA); Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA); International Development Research Centre (IDRC); International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP); Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD); Rockefeller Foundation; Swedish International Development Cooperation Authority (SIDA); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO); United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); the World Bank; Department of Development Cooperation (Austria); Department for International Development, U.K.(DfID); Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Department for International Development Cooperation; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of International Cooperation and Development (France); Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands; and, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
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